Physics of the Internal Combustion Engine :: physics motor engine ICE

Background Infromation In Cambridge England, in 1820 a man by the name of Reverend W. Cecil was explaining to fellow scientists and inventors how an internal combustion engine worked. All of his fellow colleagues just laughed at him and told him it could never be done. In 1860 Jean Joseph E'tienne Lenoir made Cecil's idea come to life by building the first practical internal combustion engine. Three years later in 1863 Lenoir built one of the worlds first gas engine cars. Ignition System Have you ever wondered how turning a simple key will start a car? Well, I'll tell you. When you turn the key a small voltage from the cars battery is sent to the coil. The coil turns the small voltage into a large voltage. Then the coil sends the the voltage to the distributor. The distributor has heavy wires that send the voltage to each spark plug. The distributor, also, tells the spark plugs which one should fire and when to fire. The altenator is another part of the ignition system. The basic job of the altenator is to make more voltage to charge the battery. Fuel System Everyone knows that you need to have gas in your car for it to run. When you put gas into the car it goes into the gas tank. The gas then makes its way from the tank to the carberator via the fuel pump. The carberator mixes the gas and air together. The air is first cleaned by the air filter before going to the carberator. The air and gas mixture is then sent to the intake manifold, from there its sent to the intake valve. Combustion The camshaft opens and closes both the intake valve and the exhust valve. When the intake valve opens, the air and gas mixture rush into the cylinder. The valve closes and the mixture is traped inside. The piston is pushed up and causes compression. At just the right moment the spark plug sparks and ignites the mixture. When the gas explodes it pushes the piston back down. When the piston is at the bottom of the stroke, the exhuast valve opens sending the exhaust out through the tail pipe. Exhaust System Once the burnt fuel is throught the exhaust valve it is sent to the exhaust manifold. The exhaust maniflod is just a collecting area for the exhaust coming from the cylinders. Pressure keeps the exhaust moving to the pipes then into the muffler.

AFrican American equality Essay

From the time our country was founded, many African Americans lived a life of hardship merely because the color of their skin. In many instances they were treated as animals, being sold and traded in shackles and chains. At the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence when the country was founded, most African Americans worked as slaves. Working conditions for slaves were inhumane, who were often forced to work long hours in the sweltering summer heat. In 1865, the ratification of the 13th amendment made slavery illegal everywhere in the United States. However, this was not the end of inequality and segregation for African Americans. The racism in the south did not stop just because slavery ended. For decades after the end of slavery, laws such as the Jim Crow laws significantly limited African American’s rights and freedoms. In addition, share-cropping allowed servitude to continue only in a different form. Former slaves were now financially bound to their land. These laws significantly disheartened American Americans right and fight for equality – a battle that did not really get started until the civil rights era. In one of the greatest moments in American history when MLK gave his speech on the inequality of races. In one line he said â€Å"the negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of prosperity†. This meant that even though there was a great economic boom the blacks were not sharing the wealth. Instead of blacks sharing the great wealth of this time they were left out of the boat by being ineligible force retain perks that the white man had been innate to. In an truly inspiring line of his speech MLK says â€Å"the negro community must not lead to distrust all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny†. This says that not all the white men are prejudice which would be just as stereotypical as anything else done against blacks at the time. This is truly encouraging saying that blacks have been persecuted for hundreds of years and some still find ways to show some remorse toward them. In one of the most famous lines of the speech MLK says â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident:that all men are created equal†. He means that he hopes one day that all men with see each other not on the basis of skin color but by the content of the character which is perfectly expressed in â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. † Martin Luther king speech expresses the inequality blacks felt. The civil rights movement took time and many brave people. However even after all the protest and laws passed to help equal the races the blacks still do not have the same freedoms as whites. Most blacks live inner cities and are not treated with dignity that they deserve in humans. They are constantly unfairly prosecuted by law enforcements and are scapegoated by many people of the root of the problem. However there has been a major increase in freedoms they have gained over time. Since MLK speech they have gained equality and it should be so far in the future that they are looked at as complete equals.

The panama canal

Since the United States began to feel an upcoming conflict with Spain, we were prepared to go to war. They decided to send the US Oregon from California to Cuba only there was one issue.. The voyage would take over 60 days and 14000 miles to land on Cuba. Not only that but in this process the US Oregon had to stop in South America multiple times to fuel up on coal. At this point the U. S new it was time for a change. They found a way to cut their voyage nearly in half by making a canal that connected the Atlantic to the Pacific.This makes transporting goods, and essential supplies a much quicker process. Incidents leading up to the event†¦ The French were really the masterminds behind this constructions. They started the entire process towards making the canal but in the process, they ran into some issues and went bankrupt. Later on the U. S decided to pick up were the French left off. After getting everything approved in the U. S, Colombia denied us of any right to the property on which the construction was being done. This led up to the Panamanian people rebelling and winning their independence. This now allowed theU. S to finally get a start on completing the canal. What occurred during the construction? The construction finally began in 1904 with over 40,000 workers on the construction site. These workers had to deal with not only Jungle weather but as well as all the dangerous Jungle wildlife there was out there. There was very high temperature, unstable land, and very frequent rain. Sometimes if would rain so often that the river would flood; making construction very difficult. Therefore they built a dam to help with the over flow of water and this defiantly but them back on track with the construction.Despite the numerous accounts for trying to make work conditions safer, over 5,000 workers died due to diseases and accidents on the Job. Results of the Canal†¦ The construction of the canal cost America over $375 million dollars, only now their v oyage was only 40 miles to their destination. They cut the trip by 8,000 miles which is more than half of watt it would have been before. This canal helped the U. S move about much quicker and we had the full support of Latin America. Although in 1914 (official opening) the canal was guarded by the U. S military, it now belongs to the Panamanian but is still used as a trade route for the U. S.

The SLOSS Debate in Conservation

The SLOSS Debate in Conservation One of the most heated controversies in conservation history is known as the SLOSS Debate. SLOSS stands for Single Large or Several Small and refers to two different approaches to land conservation in order to protect biodiversity in a given region. The single large approach favors one sizeable, contiguous land reserve. The several small approach favors multiple smaller reserves of land whose total areas equal that of a large reserve. Area determination of either is based on the type of habitat and species involved. New Concept Spurs Controversy In 1975, an American scientist named Jared Diamond proposed the landmark idea that a single large land reserve would be more beneficial in terms of species richness and diversity than several smaller reserves. His claim was based on his study of a book called The Theory of Island Biogeography by Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson. Diamonds assertion was challenged by ecologist Daniel Simberloff, a former student of E.O. Wilson, who noted that if several smaller reserves each contained unique species, then it would be possible for smaller reserves to harbor even more species than a single large reserve. Habitat Debate Heats Up Scientists Bruce A. Wilcox and Dennis L. Murphy responded to an article by Simberloff in The American Naturalist journal by arguing that habitat fragmentation (caused by human activity or environmental changes) poses the most critical threat to global biodiversity. Contiguous areas, the researchers asserted, are not only beneficial to communities of interdependent species, they are also more likely to support populations of species that occur at low population densities, particularly large vertebrates. Harmful Effects of Habitat Fragmentation According to the National Wildlife Federation, terrestrial or aquatic habitat fragmented by roads, logging, dams, and other human developments may not be large or connected enough to support species that need a large territory in which to find mates and food. The loss and fragmentation of habitat make it difficult for migratory species to find places to rest and feed along their migration routes. When habitat is fragmented, mobile species that retreat into smaller reserves of habitat can end up crowded, increasing competition for resources and disease transmission. The Edge Effect In addition to interrupting contiguity and decreasing the total area of available habitat, fragmentation also magnifies the edge effect, resulting from an increase in the edge-to-interior ratio. This effect negatively impacts species that are adapted to interior habitats because they become more vulnerable to predation and disturbance. No Simple Solution The SLOSS Debate spurred aggressive research into the effects of habitat fragmentation, leading to conclusions that the viability of either approach may depend on the circumstances. Several small reserves may, in some cases, be beneficial when indigenous species extinction risk is low. On the other hand, single large reserves may be preferable when extinction risk is high. In general, however, the uncertainty of extinction risk estimates leads scientists to prefer the established habitat integrity and security of a single larger reserve. Reality Check Kent Holsinger, Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Connecticut, contends, This whole debate seems to have missed the point. After all, we put reserves where we find species or communities that we want to save. We make them as large as we can, or as large as we need to protect the elements of our concern. We are not usually faced with the optimization choice poised in the [SLOSS] debate. To the extent we have choices, the choices we face are more like †¦ how small an area can we get away with protecting and which are the most critical parcels?

Cretoxyrhina - Facts and Figures

Cretoxyrhina - Facts and Figures Name: Cretoxyrhina (Greek for Cretaceous jaws); pronounced creh-TOX-see-RYE-nah Habitat: Oceans worldwide Historical Period: Middle-late Cretaceous (100-80 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 25 feet long and 1,000-2,000 pounds Diet: Fish and other marine animals Distinguishing Characteristics: Medium size; sharp, enameled teeth About Cretoxyrhina Sometimes, a prehistoric shark just needs a catchy nickname to attract the attention of the general public. Thats what happened with the awkwardly named Cretoxyrhina (Cretaceous jaws), which surged in popularity a full century after its discovery when an enterprising paleontologist dubbed it the Ginsu Shark. (If youre of a certain age, you may remember the late-night TV commercials for the Ginsu Knife, which purportedly sliced through tin cans and tomatoes with equal ease.) Cretoxyrhina is one of the best-known of all prehistoric sharks. Its type fossil was discovered fairly early, in 1843 by the Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz, and followed up 50 years later by the stunning discovery (in Kansas, by the paleontologist Charles H. Sternberg) of hundreds of teeth and part of a spinal column. Clearly, the Ginsu Shark was one of the top predators of the Cretaceous seas, able to hold its own against giant marine pliosaurs and mosasaurs that occupied the same ecological niches. (Still not convinced? Well, a Cretoxyrhina specimen has been discovered harboring undigested remnants of the giant Cretaceous fish Xiphactinus; then again, we also have evidence that Cretoxyrhina was preyed on by the even bigger marine reptile Tylosaurus!) At this point, you may be wondering how a Great White Shark-sized predator like Cretoxyrhina wound up fossilized in landlocked Kansas, of all places. Well, during the late Cretaceous period, much of the American midwest was covered by a shallow body of water, the Western Interior Sea, which teemed with fish, sharks, marine reptiles, and just about every other variety of Mesozoic marine creature. The two giant islands bordering this sea, Laramidia and Appalachia, were populated by dinosaurs, which unlike sharks went completely extinct by the start of the Cenozoic Era.

Project management report for Zenith Company Inc Essay

Project management report for Zenith Company Inc - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that proper project management is important for any project to meet its objective and achieve success. Project management involves in-depth process of planning, execution or implementation, and monitoring and evaluation at every phase of implementation. If it is not a perpetual project, a final stage of project closing is included. The management team at Zenith PM has decided to enhance the current business strategy by introducing a new approach on their core business model to improve business performance and success. This paper will attempt to provide advice to the management of Zenith PM on the current thinking on offsite manufacturing or modern methods of construction, the potential impact of change in direction from a change management perspective on Zenith PM’s existing business strategy focusing on existing organizational and project processes, how a transition might be undertaken using a project management solu tion including an implementation strategy) and explore all risk management issues that may be prevalent. The management team at Zenith PM has decided to have a new approach on their core business model. They have made the decision to incorporate offsite manufacturing with an aim to enter a new niche market (which could give them competitive advantage), stabilize the workforce (to reduce turnover), and improve the financial position of the company (working capital requirements and improved order book). 2. Current thinking on Offsite Manufacturing 2.1 New development Based on the business of Zenith PM, it is apparent that reliance on the traditional manufacturing methods will not put the firm in a competitive advantage particularly given that other firms in the market have embraced advanced technologies boosting their competition and production levels. The management’s decision to adopt offsite manufacturing sounds long overdue but a good measure though challenging to grow firm size, motivate staff, increase production, improve quality, improve client satisfaction, and increase firm turnover. Offsite manufacturing leads to improved project delivery and positively influence the performance of the construction industry by reducing the project’s duration by almost half and increased onsite productivity. Zenith PM should carry out an Analysis of internal and external market forces so that they can have a smooth way forward. Zenith PM can use the business analysis model of SWOT by Albert Humphrey to identify Zenith PM’s strengths and weaknesses, which are internal factors as well as opportunities and threats, the external factors. The company’

Explain the key arguments presented by Thomas Szasz (in the texts Essay

Explain the key arguments presented by Thomas Szasz (in the texts studied on this course) against the current practice of psychiatry. Assess the significant strengths and weaknesses - Essay Example psychiatry is against autonomy and individual choice; psychiatry is based on false assumptions which cannot be proven; and finally, that psychiatry should be a means through which there is an attempt to help individuals understand themselves and others in society. One of the most significant arguments made by Szasz against psychiatry is that psychiatrists are successors to priests and other religious figures. This succession came about through getting directly involved in the attempt to solve the various problems that seem to be plaguing individuals, especially in the case where it was believed that these individuals needed spiritual intervention (Szasz 1974, p.181). He argues that this is exactly the case with modern psychiatry where practitioners seek to classify the various problems of living that some individuals in society might have as mental illnesses. The argument of classification is strength because it creates a situation where the psychiatrist comes to have incredible control over the lives of his patients and this in such a manner that he is able to determine what he would like to do with them. That psychiatrists have a level of power over their patients comes about through their being able to recommend that they be confined in me ntal institutions for a certain period as a means of treating their mental illnesses. It creates a situation where it is extremely difficult for individuals in society to escape the clutches of control because psychiatrists, using medical terms, act as priests did using religious terms, can still impose control over those who have put their faith in them. A weakness of this argument is that it does not attempt to show the origins of the behaviours which can be considered as not being normal within human society. Such behaviours include the mentality of murderers who do not feel remorse for their actions despite the latter being horrific. However, one would agree with Szasz’z argument because it is a means of showing the